An admirer of Peter the Great, she continued to modernize Russia along Western European lines but her enlightened despotism manifested itself mostly with her commitment to arts, sciences, and the modernization of Russian education. However, historians debate the actual implementation of enlightened despotism. His rather incomplete victory at Chotusitz in May nonetheless forced Maria Theresa to cede almost all of Silesia by the Treaty of Berlin of 1742 in July. Frederick was at least in a small way influenced by the Enlightenment. Joseph II is plowing the field near Slawikowitz in rural southern Moravia on 19 August 1769. Moreover, the elector Augustus III (king of Poland and the elector of Saxony) now joined Maria Theresa in attacking him in Silesia. Encouraged and supported by his mother and his sister Wilhelmina, Frederick soon came into bitter conflict with his father. Joseph was very friendly to Freemasonry, as he found it highly compatible with his own Enlightenment philosophy, although he apparently never joined the Lodge himself. Enlightened absolutists held that royal power emanated not from divine right but from a social contract whereby a despot was entrusted with the power to govern through a social contract in lieu of any other governments. Updates? He was an enthusiast of French ideas and invited the prominent French Enlightenment philosopher Voltaire to live at his palace. 3. [18] For a brief period in Denmark Johann Friedrich Struensee attempted to govern in terms of Enlightenment principles. Born in 1712, Frederick William II, known as Frederick the Great, was the third Hohenzollern King of Prussia. She doubled the state revenue between 1754 and 1764, though her attempt to tax clergy and nobility was only partially successful. Frederick the Great, who ruled Prussia 1740–1786, was an enthusiast for French ideas (he ridiculed German culture and was unaware of the remarkable advances it was undergoing). Kant praises Frederick, for removing obstacles on the way to an enlightened age and also for creating an environment of religious tolerance and freedom of thought. In several nations with powerful rulers, called "enlightened despots" by historians, leaders of the Enlightenment were welcomed at Court and helped design laws and programs to reform the system, typically to build stronger national states. Until 1736, Frederick was constantly under control of his father and was abused when his father saw necessary.In 1736, his father allowed Frederick to settle in Rheinsberg Palace, where he could freely enjoy his time without interference. He must at all times be able to maintain an iron wall between his private life and public role. He determined to forestall his enemies and, in a daring move, invaded Saxony in August 1756 and marched on into Bohemia. Frederick II ascended the throne, becoming the king of Prussia, in 1740, following the death of his father, Frederick William I. Frederick, the third king of Prussia, ranks among the two or three dominant figures in the history of modern Germany. Major thinkers of the Age of Enlightenment are credited for the development of government theories critical to the creation and evolution of the modern civil-society-driven democratic state. Within the walls of the Institute, they were taught impeccable French, musicianship, dancing, and complete awe of the Monarch. She regarded both the Jews and Protestants as dangerous to the state and actively tried to suppress them. Although the capital of his kingdom was Berlin, Frederick spent most of his free time in Potsdam. In medicine, her decision to have her children inoculated after the smallpox epidemic of 1767 was responsible for changing Austrian physicians’ negative view of vaccination. Frederick, however, thanks to his father, had a fine army and ample funds at his disposal. Frederick, again alarmed by this, invaded Bohemia in August 1744 and rapidly overran it. She incorporated many ideas of Enlightenment philosophers, especially Montesquieu, in her Nakaz, which was intended to revise Russian law. Joseph was a proponent of enlightened despotism but his commitment to modernizing reforms subsequently engendered significant opposition, which eventually culminated in a failure to fully implement his programs. As a young monarch who fought two dynastic wars, she believed that her cause should be the cause of her subjects, but in her later years she would believe that their cause must be hers. Martin Luther as a Bible Translator and Translation Theorist.
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