[26] After the Turk invasions, many Hindu scholars of Sanskrit had fled to schools and universities in Benares and Kashmir. Sudas was supported by the Vedic Rishi Vasishtha, while his former Purohita, the Rishi Viswamitra, sided with the confederation of ten tribes. [36] The rule of the last Lodi emperor was a weak one, and was eclipsed by the arrival of Babur's army. Jahangir's son Shah Jahan (reigned 1628–1658) was known for his monuments, including the Taj Mahal. This was done to loot riches and to signify the defeat of the Hindu rulers and their gods. [48], Banda Singh Bahadur (also known as Lachman Das, Lachman Dev and Madho Das), (1670–1716) met Guru Gobind Singh at Nanded and adopted the Sikh religion. The rivers of Punjab often corresponded to the eastern Janapadas. [14], At the beginning of the 7th century, Arab armies of the Umayyad Caliphate penetrated into South Asia.
Archaeologically, the time span of these entities corresponds to phases also present in the Indo-Gangetic divide and the upper Gangetic basin. There was a large level of contact between all the Janapadas of ancient India with descriptions being given of trading caravans, movement of students from universities, and itineraries of princes. The people of the Indus Valley also developed a writing system, that has to this day not been deciphered. In 1849, the British had formally taken control.[60]. By this time the Empire still ruled over much of North India, but the authority in the South seemed to lapse. joint ed. [31], If the Delhi Sultanate, an offshoot of the Islamic conquest, was to rule over India, it was necessary for there to be the cultural and ideological integration of the people. Akbar's son Jahangir had furthered the size of the Mughal Empire through conquest, yet left much of the state bankrupt as a result. Nearly all Muslims fled the partition violence to settle in Pakistan. [7], Pre-Islamic Punjab was also a centre of learning for Ancient India, and many ashrams and universities. Jahangir ordered the execution of Guru Arjun Dev, whilst in Mughal custody, for supporting his son Khusrau Mirza's rival claim to the throne. Banda Singh was told to dismount, as the Muslims placed his child in his arms and bade him to kill it. [30], The Khalji dynasty was the second dynasty of the Delhi sultanates, ruling from 1290 to 1320. [67], An important event of the British Raj in Punjab was the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre of 1919. This had also likely led to some of the ideological differences between Sikhs around this time. Rama Gupta had attempted to pay off the Sakas, but this had cost him his throne. Much of Chandragupta's success is attributed to Chanakya, the author of the Arthashastra. In order to send a message, and prevent such occurrences from recurring, Ahmad Shah destroyed the Shri Harimandir Sahib and filled the Sarovar (Holy water pool) with cow carcasses. During this time, there was an increase in the population of Sikhs as well. [citation needed] Samudra Gupta was regarded as a patron of the arts and humanities. [1] Ancient Punjab was the primary geographical extent of the Indus Valley Civilisation, which was notable for advanced technologies and amenities that the people of the region had used. The newly conquered region became known as Sind and was the easternmost state of the Umayyad Caliphate. In 1001 he defeated Jayapala at the Battle of Peshawar and seized Hindu Shahi territory north of the river Sindh. [12], The assassination of the last Mauryan emperor by the general Pushyamitra did not end in the break up of Mauryan rule entirely. The History of the Punjab refers to the history of the Punjab region, a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in South Asia, comprising areas of eastern Pakistan and northern India. When offered a choice between conversion to Islam and death, he chose to die rather than compromise his principles and was executed. [57] The rebuilt Harminder Sahib was destroyed, and the pool was filled with cow entrails, again. The last Mughal, Bahādur Shah II (reigned 1837–57), was exiled to Burma by the British. Training his army under the style of the East India Company, it was able to conquer much of Punjab and surrounding areas. PTOLEMAEUS, Claudius; Martin WALDESEEMULLER , 1513. Nevertheless, the use of violence in the Indian Independence movement became unpopular after the execution of the trio on the 23 March 1932. [6], A second battle, referred to as the Mahabharat in ancient texts, was fought in Punjab on a battlefield known as Kurukshetra. Several small Punjabi princely states, including Patiala, also became part of India. Ancient Punjab was the primary geographical extent of the Indus Valley Civilisation, which was notable for advanced technologies and amenities that the people of the region had used. Artsistic rendering of the execution of Bhai Mati Das by the Mughals. An interlude of Sikh rule under the Maharaja Ranjit Singh and his Sikh Empire had seen a brief resurfacing of traditional culture, until the British had annexed the region into the British Raj. Despatches of ... Visct. The province would later be transferred to the British Crown after the dissolution of E.I.C. Previously, the ruler would assign village locals to collect a share of the peasant's produce, using it to pay the soldiers and administrators. Sect. Alexander took his troops and razed several cities, fought a battle at Massaka which turned into a massacre, and conducted the battle at Aornos rock. Duryodhana, a descendant of Kuru (who was the son of king Samvaran), had tried to insult the Panchali princess Draupadi in revenge for defeating his ancestor Samvaran. Many Sikhs and Hindus lived in the west, and many Muslims lived in the east, and so partition saw many people displaced and much intercommunal violence.
The Muslim League also demanded separate electorates in every province, even in those without Muslim majority populations, which was also granted by the Indian National Congress in 1916. Following the end of colonial rule, Punjab was partitioned on religious lines - the Sikh and Hindu majority districts forming East Punjab went to India, while the remaining Muslim districts of West Punjab went to Pakistan.
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