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Both B1-adreneric receptors (β1-AR) and β2-ARs are stimulated by epinephrine (epi), norepinephrine (NE), and isoproterenol (Iso). Circulation 111(8):988–995, Lymperopoulos A, Rengo G, Funakishi H, Eckhart AD, Koch WJ (2007) Adrenal GRK2 upregulation mediates sympathetic overdrive in heart failure. PubMed  J Biol Chem 280(21):20589–20595, Frye RA (2000) Phylogenetic classification of prokaryotic and eukaryotic Sir2-like proteins. J Biol Chem 280(52):43121–43130, Rockman HA, Chien KR, Choi DJ, Iaccarino G, Hunter JJ, Ross J Jr, Lefkowitz RJ, Koch WJ (1998) Expression of a beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 inhibitor prevents the development of myocardial failure in gene-targeted mice. There was a significant reduction in FEV1 in those who took bisoprolol, although the number of exacerbations of COPD, symptoms, and quality of life were similar in the two groups [4c]. 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Furthermore, increased sympathetic nervous system activity is one of the primary mechanisms contributing to cardiac remodeling and heart failure progression. There is an increased stimulation of α1-AR during a cardiac stress, resulting in increased cardiac force of contraction, vasoconstriction, and protein synthesis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 33(3):335–341, Woo AY, Song Y, Xiao RP, Zhu W (2015) Biased β2-adrenoceptor signalling in heart failure: pathophysiology and drug discovery. The beta-receptors are situated on the cell membrane and are believed to be a part of the adenyl cyclase system. By signaling Gs, a cAMP-dependent pathway is initiated through adenylyl cyclase, and this results in potentiation of the receptor’s function. Thus, the effect of maternal autoantibodies in the neonate may depend not only on the antigen specificity, affinity, and antibody isotype, but also on whether or not the antibody is in a dimeric state. The authors acknowledge several investigators for the information in Table 1, including J Bernakl, S-Y Cheng, G Morreale, L Ng, D Pfaff, M Raff, T Reh, A Rüsch, J Samarut, B Vennsatröm, and F Wondisford. Circ Res 107(12):1470–1482, Houtkooper RH, Pirinen E, Auwerx J (2012) Sirtuins as regulators of metabolism and healthspan. Nebivolol combines a potent beta1-AR antagonistic activity with vasodilating properties, thereby providing cardioprotection, as recently demonstrated in the SENIORS trial in heart failure, together with a modulation of peripheral vasoconstriction. It is unclear if these findings represent a group effect of beta2-adrenoceptor agonists or apply to salbutamol only. The beta-1 adrenergic receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor communicating through the Gs alpha subunit. These receptors are coupled to various G proteins, including Gs and Gi. Oncogene 26(37):5505–5520, Varma SD (1991) Devamanoharan PS hydrogen peroxide in human blood. 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