If both parents take at least 2 months, the leave is extended up to 60 weeks. Infants who are breastfed have a reduced risk of suffering gastrointestinal problems, various types of infections, obesity and Type 1 and 2 diabetes, among other reduced risks (Agostini et al. These factors will likely account for the long-lasting health benefits of breastfeeding. 2 Initially, parental leave benefits were paid for the whole duration of the parental leave period. Snopes and the Snopes.com logo are registered service marks of Snopes.com. This might be particularly important for mothers in countries where part-time work has a lasting and negative impact on wages and career opportunities (Akgunduz & Plantenga 2013). 0000011308 00000 n Furthermore, research on maternity leave programmes, especially of more than three months, tends to focus on the impact on child health rather than on economic effects, and so the evidence base on the latter is relatively slight. 0000004549 00000 n 371–380. Rodriguez-Bernal, and M.F. In Denmark, Malta, Romania and the UK, maternity leave is paid by the employer. This section focuses on regulatory or maternity policy factors, since a positive relationship between longer maternity leave and increased breastfeeding duration has been identified (Hawkins et al. The staff there speak many languages ââand are ready to help you. Hofferth, S.L., and S.C Curtin, "The Impact of Parental Leave on Maternal Return to Work after Childbirth in the United States," OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 7, Paris: OECD, 2003. try again, the name must be unique, Please Even if the regulatory authority approves your removal, you can still file a case against the decision. You can also choose to be emailed when someone replies Kenny, M. Kiely, D.M. 2009; Chung et al. Two countries that stand out are Croatia and Ireland. Furthermore, Kimbro (2006) found that mothers who work full-time before giving birth are less likely to initiate breastfeeding to begin with, compared to part-time or non-working mothers. Sanders, Bernie. Vocational Training: Orientation for Refugees? Accessed 16 March 2017. Gender roles: There are also competing theories on the effect that extended maternity leave would have on gender equality. To learn about the financial options you and your family have during parental leave, check our chapter "Parental Allowance". Studies have also found that breastfeeding reduces the likelihood of breast cancer (CGHFBC 2002), ovarian cancer and Type 2 diabetes (Stuebe 2009). If you wish to go into parental leave between the 3rd and 8th birthday of your child, you must notify your boss at least 13 weeks in advance. From 1985, workplace-subsidised nurseries were deemed a taxable benefit, adding £700 to £1,000 to women's tax bills. The leave entitlement under the MPA is six weeks prior and eight weeks after birth (or 12 weeks in case of premature or multiple births). Johnstone, and D.T. Michaelsen, K. Fleischer, W. Mihatsch, L.A. Moreno, J. Puntis, R. Shamir, H. Szajewska, D. Turck, and J. van Goudoever, "Breast-feeding: A commentary by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition," Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 49 (1), 2009, pp. The design of maternity leave policies across the majority of European countries is shaped by a traditional concept of leave intended only for women, linked to pregnancy, childbirth and the first months of motherhood. The period in question is known as "Bindungszeitraum" or binding period. Kimbro, R.T., "On-the-job moms: work and breastfeeding initiation and duration for a sample of low-income women," Maternal and Child Health Journal, 10 (1), 2006, pp. For example, some have argued that if leave entitlements foster continuous female participation in the labour market, there may be a growing acceptance from families and employers of both the place of women in the labour market, and their right to paid maternity leave. Horta, B.L., R. Bahl, J.C. Martines, and C.G. In the 1980s maternity leave varied from company to company and was linked to length of service. Currently women receive 90 per cent of their salary for the first six weeks of leave, followed by the statutory rate of £125 per week for the remaining 46. Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration. However, in sectors such as manufacturing, which favour temporary contracts for staff, these costs may be lower (Akgunduz & Plantenga 2013). 204 0 obj <>stream Due to the sheer scale of this comment community, we are not able to give each post 341–360. Parental leave regulations apply to both your biological child and the biological child of your partner, as well as your foster children and adopted children. Olson, "A qualitative study to understand cultural factors affecting a mother's decision to breast or formula feed," Journal of Human Lactation, 30 (2), 2014, pp. RAND RR-1734-EC at https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1734.html. Existing research on the financial costs to businesses in extending maternity leave to six months suggests that such a scheme might generate costs that female workers may directly or indirectly pay for. Van Rossum, C.T.M., F.L. %%EOF In addition, protections should be put in place to ensure that the career progression of women is not negatively impacted by the extension of maternity leave, and neither female workers nor companies are forced to bear all the financial costs of creating such a scheme. 0000011937 00000 n RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. Our journalists will try to respond by joining the threads when You will not receive any salary from your employer during parental leave, but you can apply for the so-called parental allowance ("Elterngeld"). Parental allowance is, in fact, state-funded financial support for parents with small children. An extra 30 days are available if parents share the leave … World Health Organization, "Exclusive breastfeeding for six months best for babies everywhere," WHO.com/Media centre, 2011. Furthermore, Poland and Spain have high flexibility since in addition to the above described possibilities, part of the maternity leave period can be taken as part-time or the length of leave can be extended. Log in to update your newsletter preferences. Degree of compensation: There is also significant variation across countries in terms of the level of remuneration women can receive while on maternity leave, and whether this is fixed for the entire duration of leave or whether it changes with time. In order to encourage more women to breastfeed, WHO promotes policies that enable women to exclusively breastfeed, e.g. For more information, click {socialhintlink_begin}here{socialhintlink_end}. Breastfeeding and leave length: A study with a cohort of Irish mothers found that those who were breastfeeding when their infants were two, six or 12 months old reported taking longer maternity leave than mothers who were not breastfeeding their infants at those ages (Smith et al. In principle, you must be able to return to your old job after parental leave. On the other hand, analysis by Schonberg and Ludsteck (2007) of the expansion of protected maternity leave from two to six months in Germany in 1979 found that while it induced more women to delay their return to work following childbirth, there was little evidence that this change brought about any long-term effect on mothers' participation in the labour market. After you've informed your employer about your plan, a change is only possible if your employer agrees. On this basis, international organisations are seeking to adapt regulations on maternity leave. Moreover, in this article we primarily focus on maternity leave policies for employed mothers. Workers would pay into it with every paycheck, at the price of roughly one cup of coffee per week. Griffiths, and C. Dezateux, "The impact of maternal employment on breast- feeding duration in the UK Millennium Cohort Study," Public Health Nutrition, 10 (9), 2007, pp. 2FR����&A$���������c~��BF0͡���6`�������w���(�e�&���C9��Z��ƺl+�~����n�&�c�F֛%Y�t!��\e�R�Rpj�N�W�Z����à �[��)��'����D0���?6[�4UY��LY�M�"�?���ڬU��җ��D��#J�VU�V�[ �u��3�Cƈ��KL�����x��.�A����W`��C&Mi�����j�T��7ʱ�~ ���1�Jݖ��g�gY������=�{��0����`�O����#��7�"�=%x��z�@FDR���u�~� �}���֨d������y�H�$�� yLd Yes, you can. Who can apply for child benefit? Portugal There is no maternity or paternity leave, only parental leave. 2015. In contrast, Ireland not only exhibits the lowest initiation rate at 44%, but also the lowest rate of exclusive breastfeeding at six months, with less than 1% of infants at this age being exclusively breastfed. Freelance Contributors | Handbook Germany, http://handbookgermany.de/content/wtg/en/live/parental-leave/jcr:content/par/accordion.detail.html, http://handbookgermany.de/content/wtg/en/live/parental-leave/jcr:content/par/accordion.detail.html/important. How do I find out what is the right job for me? try again, the name must be unique, Please 597–608. Newest first, -1) ? As of September 7, 2016:http://www.leavenetwork.org/fileadmin/Leavenetwork/Annual_reviews/2015_full_review3_final_8july.pdf. In other words, termination of your work arrangement is not valid without the approval of the regulatory authority. During this time, you do not work or do so only for limited hours. language is not acceptable, Do not impersonate other users or reveal private information about third parties, We reserve the right to delete inappropriate posts and ban offending users without notification, -1) ? To address this issue and to promote breastfeeding, structural and societal barriers which inhibit it need to be tackled. There is also variation across countries in the length and type of both pre-natal and post-natal maternity leave; however, for brevity, only post-natal maternity leave is examined here.
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