Today. Oeceoclades maculata is present in all four canopy cover classes, but it is most abundant in cover class 3 (Fig. Nonetheless, if you get the opportunity to grow one, Gongora plants will reward experienced tropical orchid gardeners with showy and lovely blooms. The forests where Oeceoclades maculata is abundant are in various successional stages. The LFDP has been funded by NSF grants BSR-8811902, DEB 9411973, DEB 0080538 and DEB 0218039 to the Institute for Tropical Ecosystem Studies, University of Puerto Rico, and to the International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service, as part of the Long-Term Ecological Research Program in the Luquillo Experimental Forest. Ironically, slope of the terrain acted as a barrier and probably prevented many areas on the southern and western ends of the LFDP from being farmed or logged because they were simply too difficult to work (Foster et al., 1999). They have a peculiar structure, in which their flowers seem to branch off from one another. Gongora plants are epiphytes, which means they grow in mid-air, and their roots are thin and form a ball that can even point upright. Some of these recovering forests superficially resemble old growth forests, so it is not always obvious whether O. maculata is affected by land-use histories. The invasive species was more abundant than W. calcarata in 124 of 224 of the 10 × 5 m subplots, and the same was true of P. stachyodes for which 132 of 191 of the subplots contained more O. maculata (Fig. There are 65 species of Gongoras, mostly found in Colombia—though a few are distributed across South America and even as far north as Central America. Lindley later revised his original placement and moved the species to the genus Oeceoclades i… On the other hand, the alien O. maculata showed no preference between Zarzal and Cristal soil types, perhaps reflecting the unusual breadth of habitat tolerance in this species. Analysis for an association with slope showed that O. maculata and P. stachyodes prefer flat terrain. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Apart from that typical balance, make sure and keep the plant in a well-aerated area with a nice breeze and watch out for typical orchid pests, like spider mites and scale. Named after the governor of Peru during their discovery, they were one of the first tropical orchids ever discovered by someone of European descent, and new species of Gongora are still being found all the time, deep in the jungle. In contrast, forest understorey herbs, including the two native orchid species in this study, appeared to be a little more sensitive to soil type than tree species were (Portugal Loayza, 2005). Institute for Tropical Ecosystem Studies, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 23341, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3341, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, 215 Holt Hall, 615 McCallie Avenue, Chattanooga, TN 37403. From floristic works and miscellaneous literature, it is known that Hawai'i has at least five alien species established on the Big Island, and Puerto Rico has nine (Wagner et al., 1990; Caccia, 2005; Ackerman, 2007). This is especially useful to ensure that their drainage remains good, since leaving their roots sitting in standing water is a surefire way to damage them. This project was supported by funding from NSF-Research Experience for Undergraduates program at El Verde Field Station, University of Puerto Rico, NSF grant number DBI-0552567, A. Ramírez, PI. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. The genus contains about 40 known species, most of which are narrow endemics to parts of Madagascar with some widespread across much of sub-Saharan Africa and the islands of the Indian Ocean. The first record of O. maculata in the Luquillo Mountains dates to 1987, and in the 20 years since then this orchid has become common in the LFDP and other parts of the Luquillo Forest (J. D. Ackerman, unpubl. A test using, Pollination, fruit set, and seed production in the orchid, The ecological consequences of socioeconomic and land-use changes in postagriculture Puerto Rico, Plant invasion alters nitrogen cycling by modifying the soil nitrifying community, Soil history as a primary control on plant invasion in abandoned agricultural fields, Historical landscape connectivity affects present plant species diversity, The outcome of alien tree invasions in Puerto Rico, A cation exchange index for assessing degradation of acid soil by further acidification under permanent agriculture in the tropics, Effects of environmental factors and past land use on pteridophyte distributions in tropical forests, Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: concepts and definitions, When fields revert to forest: development and spontaneous reforestation in post-war Puerto Rico, Species invasions exceed extinctions on islands worldwide: a comparitive study of plants and birds, The pollination mechanism of three sympatric, Order 1 soil survey of the Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research Grid, Genetic diversity in three colonizing orchids with contrasting mating systems, Land use history, environment, and tree composition in a tropical forest, Interactions between environment, species traits, and human uses describe patterns of plant invasions, Variation in sexual reproduction in orchids and its evolutionary consequences: a spasmodic journey to diversification, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i, University of Hawaii Press/Bishop Museum Press, Community structure and forest invasion by an exotic herb over 23 years, Breaking new ground: soil communities and exotic plant invasion, © The Author 2008. This genus has a somewhat interesting botanical history. Get it free when you sign up for our newsletter. It is considered to be one of the most successful invasive orchids. Invasive orchids and plants of other families are most commonly seen in disturbed habitats, usually those caused by human activities. It was later found throughout the Neotropics and specifically in Puerto Rico in the mid-1960s and in Florida in the early 1970s. Don’t be discouraged if your newly divided offshoots fail to sprout easily; orchid propagation is an inexact science that requires some real experience. Regardless of what the general reasons and patterns are for successful invasions, O. maculata has proven to be a hearty weed that has colonized a large portion of the neotropics, and in the LFDP all historical cover classes were invaded, including old growth forests with minor human impacts. Unfortunately, there are not yet sufficient data on these species, but the African Disa in Australia seems to be a generalist (Bonnardeaux et al., 2007). The orchids may be competing for fungal associates or, if their associations are specific, their fungi may compete for resources among themselves altering their relative abundances. It is known that O. maculata has a broad habitat range, amply demonstrated in Puerto Rico by its presence in lowland cactus thorn-scrub and in broadleaf, montane rainforests. Local distribution of orchids can be affected by a number of environmental factors, some of which may be independent of land-use history. All orchids have two symbiotic interactions that may represent life-history bottlenecks: pollination and mycorrhizal fungi. Note the two maculae on the lip that act as nectar guides. By using The Spruce, you accept our, How to Grow Majestic Staghorn Fern Plants Indoors, Astrophytum Cacti (Star Cacti) Plant Profile, 20 Types of Orchids to Use as Houseplants. In the LFDP, farming and logging were generally small-scale activities so damage to the soil was not on the magnitude of large-scale farming or clear-cut logging, nor was it widespread. Unaltered forest habitats are generally thought to resist establishment of invasive species (Denslow, 2003), and this seems true for the LFDP where non-native tree species, of which there are plenty in Puerto Rico, infrequently appear in the forest after a hurricane but fail to persist (Thompson et al., 2002). Synonyms; Eulophidium Pfitzer. You can deal with them using a good pesticide if so (an eco-friendly one, of course!). Oeceoclades: Oeceoclades maculata has become a weed in Florida. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org, An invasive plant rapidly increased the similarity of soil fungal pathogen communities, Frugivory and seed dispersal in a hyper-diverse plant clade and its role as keystone resource for the Neotropical fauna, Propagule Pressure and The Establishment of Emergent Polyploid Populations, Evolution of pollination syndromes and corolla symmetry in Balsaminaceae reconstructed using phylogenetic comparative analyses, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Mean (s.e.) of plants per 5 × 5 m subplot (, Mean (s.e.) Oeceoclades maculata is the most abundant of the three orchid species censused in the LFDP, which could spell trouble for the native species if it continues to spread and competitive interactions actually do exist. 1). maculata. They may simply out-compete native species, or it may be a case of being in the right place at the right time (Wiser et al., 1998; Sax et al., 2002; Denslow, 2003; Gilbert and Lechowicz, 2005; Gimeno et al., 2006; Thuiller et al., 2006). For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Moscosoa, A place for alien species in ecosystem restoration, The ecological life zones of Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands, International Institute for Tropical Forestry, Río Piedras, Recovery of forest plant communities in post-agricultural landscapes, Human or natural disturbance: landscape-scale dynamics of the tropical forests of Puerto Rico, Invasibility and abiotic gradients: the positive correlation between native and exotic plant diversity, Are islands more susceptible to plant invasion than continents? Trees To Plant Plant Leaves Nativity Orchids Wildlife African Backyard Plants Garden. Intensive agriculture can severely alter soil characteristics, and invasive species that follow abandonment can further alter soil features (Noble et al., 2000; Flinn and Vellend, 2005; Hawkes et al., 2005; Kulmatiski et al., 2006; Wolfe and Klironomos, 2005). Tropical island ecosystems are at a high risk for species invasions and subsequent naturalization by non-native species.
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