Ho Chi Minh declared that the only solution was a unilateral withdrawal by the U.S.[212] A Gallup poll taken in July 1967 showed 52 percent of the country disapproving of the president's handling of the war and only 34 percent thought progress was being made. Frank Kusch, Battleground Chicago: The Police and the 1968 Democratic National Convention (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), p. 62. [166] Johnson maintained his staunch support of Apollo through Congressional and press controversy, and the program recovered. The chest pains returned nearly every afternoon—a series of sharp, jolting pains that left him frightened and breathless. [69], Caro continues in his analysis that Robert Kennedy tried to get Johnson to agree to be the Democratic Party chairman rather than the vice president. "[123] Johnson shared the beliefs of his mentor, FDR, in that he paired liberal values to religious values, believing that freedom and social justice served both God and man. He's going to knock your block off. For the first time, large amounts of federal money went to public schools. The President began the trip by going to the memorial service for Australian Prime Minister Harold Holt, who had disappeared in a swimming accident and was presumed drowned. This helps explain his longtime commitment to social justice, as exemplified by the Great Society and his commitment to racial equality. [124], Johnson wanted a catchy slogan for the 1964 campaign to describe his proposed domestic agenda for 1965. [126] A pivotal change took place in April when he assumed personal management of negotiations between the railroad brotherhood and the railroad industry over the issue of featherbedding. After 34 people were killed and $35 million (equivalent to $283.95 million in 2019) in the property was damaged, the public feared an expansion of the violence to other cities, and so the appetite for additional programs in LBJ's agenda was lost. "[45], In addition to the Silver Star, Johnson received the American Campaign Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, and the World War II Victory Medal. On September 7, 1964, Johnson's campaign managers broadcast the "Daisy ad". [240] After the election, Johnson's primary focus on Vietnam was to get Saigon to join the Paris peace talks. [206] For Johnson it was a fleeting public relations success—confirmed by a 63 percent Vietnam approval rating in November. Johnson worked closely with Harry F. Byrd of Virginia to negotiate a reduction in the budget below $100 billion in exchange for what became overwhelming Senate approval of the Revenue Act of 1964. And I think it was then that I made up my mind that this nation could never rest while the door to knowledge remained closed to any American. Pressured by his parents to attend college, he enrolled at a "sub college" of Southwest Texas State Teachers College (SWTSTC) in the summer of 1924, where students from unaccredited high schools could take the 12th-grade courses needed for admission to college. "The Passage of Power". The Soviets learned of this course correction and regarded it as an offensive move. [213] Johnson's anger and frustration over the lack of a solution to Vietnam and its effect on him politically was exhibited in a statement to Robert F. Kennedy, who had become a prominent public critic of the war and loomed as a potential challenger in the 1968 presidential election. Johnson received 409 votes on the only ballot at the Democratic convention to Kennedy's 806, and so the convention nominated Kennedy. Not because of our sorrow or sympathy, but because they are right. [190] By October 1965 there were over 200,000 troops deployed in Vietnam. He became the Senate Minority Leader in 1953 and the Senate Majority Leader in 1955. [89] In the rush, Johnson took the oath of office using a Roman Catholic missal from President Kennedy's desk,[90] despite not being Catholic,[91] due to the missal being mistaken for a Bible. The squad's activities also included wiretaps of Martin Luther King's room as well as the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). [34] Johnson also authorized the tapping of phone conversations of others, including the Vietnamese friends of a Nixon associate.[248]. Only Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota challenged Johnson as an anti-war candidate in the New Hampshire primary, hoping to pressure the Democrats to oppose the Vietnam War. [180] The public's reaction to the resolution at the time was positive—48 percent favored stronger measures in Vietnam and only 14 percent wanted to negotiate a settlement and leave. [204] Also in October 1966, to reassure and promote his war effort, Johnson initiated a meeting with allies in Manila—the South Vietnamese, Thais, South Koreans, Filipinos, Australians, and New Zealanders. [210] The increased bombing began despite initial secret talks being held in Saigon, Hanoi, and Warsaw. His health was not good, and he was preoccupied with the Kennedy campaign; his wife was pressing for his retirement and his base of support continued to shrink. [116] Facing a growing threat that they would be bypassed, the House rules committee approved the bill and moved it to the floor of the full House, which passed it shortly thereafter by a vote of 290–110. Among defeated Democrats that year was McFarland, who lost to upstart Barry Goldwater. He initially sought a transfer of the authority of Senate majority leader to the vice presidency, since that office made him president of the Senate, but faced vehement opposition from the Democratic Caucus, including members whom he had counted as his supporters.[74]. [49] Robert Caro made the case in his 1990 book that Johnson had stolen the election in Jim Wells County, and that there were thousands of fraudulent votes in other counties as well, including 10,000 votes switched in San Antonio. [54] Central to Johnson's control was "The Treatment",[55] described by two journalists: The Treatment could last ten minutes or four hours. The first two manned missions, Apollo 7 and the first manned flight to the Moon, Apollo 8, were completed by the end of Johnson's term. [223] Johnson was confident that Hanoi would await the 1968 U.S. election results before deciding to negotiate. Westmoreland and McNamara then recommended a concerted program to promote pacification; Johnson formally placed this effort under military control in October. Some of the troops were sent to guard the Capital and the White House. [205] The conference ended with pronouncements to stand fast against communist aggression and to promote ideals of democracy and development in Vietnam and across Asia. Tom Paxton: Lyndon Johnson told the nation (1965) Tom Paxton is an American folk musician, active during the Vietnam War era as both a singer and a songwriter. Johnson got the position on the recommendation of his father and that of State Senator Welly Hopkins, who Johnson had campaigned for in 1930. [243] In May 1967, the Soviets started a surge deployment of their naval forces into the East Mediterranean. Johnson and two U.S. Army officers went to the 22nd Bomb Group base, which was assigned the high-risk mission of bombing the Japanese airbase at Lae in New Guinea. He raised money to flood the state with campaign circulars and won over conservatives by casting doubts on Stevenson's support for the Taft-Hartley Act (curbing union power). Nixon could be defeated, Johnson insisted, "if only the Democrats don't go too far left. [176] Vietnam had been partitioned at the 1954 Geneva Conference into two countries, with North Vietnam led by a Communist government. Cohen, Warren I., and Nancy Bernkopf Tuckerm, eds. Johnson emphasized to the parties the potential impact upon the economy of a strike.
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